
Liquidity risk management – the 2007 crisis
The whole issue of liquidity risk management has become very topical in recent times prompted the initial liquidity crisis of 2007, which took place in the early stages of the subsequent financial crisis. More and more often I find myself being asked the same question or a variant of "what is the best way of ensuring liquidity risk management of my bank is on solid ground?
The subject is vast. And depending on what we are trying to achieve, so the same for the answers.
Even before attempting to paint an overall picture that matters key that must be addressed to ensure the management of liquidity risk, I take a step or two ago – and explain some key principles and issues management liquidity.
Liquidity in the first case depends on the exact use of the word did. Let me explain. In the purest sense of liquidity is defined as the ease and certainty with which an asset can be converted into cash. Money or cash is the most liquid asset. market liquidity on the other hand is the term referred the ability of an asset that is easily converted into an act of buying or selling without causing a significant movement in the price and with minimum loss of value of the underlying asset.
Accounting Liquidity is a measure of the debtor's ability to pay its debts as and when due. Usually expressed as a ratio or a percentage of liabilities currents.
In the banking sector and financial liquidity is the ability of a bank (or other financial institution) to meet its obligations when due. The Liquidity management is a daily process (in fact in today's world in real time, became a real-time process as well) that require banks to monitor and Project cash flow to ensure that sufficient liquidity is maintained. In a banking environment that liquidity may be needed to finance the transfers of clients and institutions or to satisfy the demand generated by the operation of banks with customers (advances, letters of credit, commitments and other business transactions that banks undertake.)
There are many other definitions of liquidity as well. It suffices to say that the brief summary above is intended to explain the concept and to illustrate the idea that there are many variations of this.
Almost all financial transactions or financial commitment has an impact on the liquidity of a bank. The management of liquidity risk contributes to some the bank's ability to meet cash flow obligations. Remember that this ability may be seriously affected by the events and external behavior other parties to the transaction. Liquidity risk management is essential because the illiquidity of one bank can have repercussions throughout the system, called risk systemic. The failure of a bank to finance, for example, his last day system of bonus payments could have a domino effect on other banks in the system, that could lead to financial collapse. In fact, the central bank as lender of last resort, is ready with a safety net to help the banks (or even more "system"). We witness this on a massive scale in the past two years, the United States, Europe, Asia and elsewhere. However, assistance it often carries a price almost impossible – the reputation. Banks that enter into this kind of trouble paying a terrible price in terms of loss of trust among members the public, investors and depositors. Often, this price is so high that the bank will not be beaten.
The market turmoil which began in mid-2007 emphasized the importance of strong liquidity for the efficient functioning of financial markets and the banking sector. Before the crisis, asset markets were strong and financing was available at low cost. The sudden changing market conditions have clearly demonstrated the speed of liquidity can disappear and that the lack of liquidity (the correct term is the lack of liquidity) can last a very long time.
So we arrived in the summer of 2007. August from the bank in the world system has been under heavy pressure. To make matters worse in the evolution of financial markets during the previous decade had increased the complexity of liquidity risk and its management. The result has been widespread action that the central bank to support the functioning of money markets and in some cases, the individual banks.
It was very clear on this point that many banks had overlooked a number of key principles for managing liquidity risk. Why? Well, in all probability, in a world where liquidity is abundant and cheap, did not seem very important.
Many banks that made the greatest exposure does not even have a proper framework to adequately address liquidity risks required by their individual products and lines of business. Therefore, the incentives at the enterprise level is out of alignment with the global risk tolerance of these banks.
Many of these banks have not really taken into account the amount of cash you may need to meet contingent liabilities, just because they rejected the idea of not having to fund these obligations very unlikely.
In the same way banks that many see as highly unlikely that any interruption severe and prolonged liquidity. They did not conduct stress tests that take into account the possibility of a market crisis in the broad sense (which is one that affects the whole sector and not a single participant or otherwise) or the depth or duration of problems. Banks do not link their plans for financing the results of their tests stress. And to add insult to injury, is also sometimes assumed that, whatever happened to traditional funding sources are still available for them.
With these events still fresh in the minds of banks and bank regulators BIS (Bank for International Settlements) in the role of the Committee on Banking Supervision Basel "issued a document entitled" Risk Management and monitoring the liquidity of the challenges "in February 2008.
The crisis has out many of the key issues described above, which had obviously been neglected. On this basis, the Basel Committee has conducted a review earlier stages of their "Sound practices for managing liquidity in banking," which was published in 2000. In its new guidance document been significantly expanded to a number of key areas such as;
- the importance of establishing risk tolerance, liquidity
- maintain adequate liquidity,
- the necessity of allocating liquidity costs, risks and benefits for all major business activities,
- identifying and measuring the full range of liquidity risks,
- design and use scenarios of serious crisis
- the need for a plan emergency funding strong and viable
- Intraday liquidity risk management and guarantees, and
- public disclosure in promoting of market discipline.
So what's new this guide? I will be covering the Basel Committee's advice on these issues and key industry response followed more detail in a subsequent series of articles.
About the Author
Stanley Epstein is a Principal Associate and Director of Citadel Advantage Ltd., a consultancy dealing in bank operations and specializing in Operations Risk and Payment Systems. Citadel Advantage provides comprehensive range of Risk Management & Payments related Training Courses for banks and other financial institutions. Further information and details can be found at http://www.citadeladvantage.com
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No Acting Please $12.23 A collection of 125 acting exercises that are based on journal excerpts and dialogues from Mr. Morris’ classes. These exercises teach the actor to systematically eliminate his or her instrumental obstacles — tensions, fears, inhibitions — and explore the "being" state, where the actor does no more and no less than what he or she feels. |
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